Acknowledgement Essays

Affirmation Essays Affirmation Essay Affirmation Essay Section 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction The term RFID alludes to Radio Frequency Identification, an innovation which uses radio waves to naturally recognize things or individuals. Most usually this includes the utilization of a RFID tag and a peruser gadget. All in all terms, Radio Frequency Identification frameworks comprise of a RFID tag (commonly numerous labels) and an investigator or peruser. The investigative specialist discharges a field of electromagnetic waves from a radio wire, which are consumed by the tag. The ingested vitality is utilized to control the tag’s microchip and a sign that incorporates the label distinguishing proof number is sent back to the questioner. The utilization of a remote non-contact framework that utilizations radio frequencyâ electromagnetic fieldsâ to move information from a label connected to an article, for the motivations behind programmed ID and following. A few labels require no battery and are controlled and perused at short ranges by means of attractive fields (electromagnetic enlistment). Backround of the Study Tanauan Institute has just been utilizing the Library System. Since the organization is now utilizing such innovation, these will be the first run through for the establishment to utilize Radio Frequency Identification. The scientists thought of amplifying its utilization by making a framework that will follow the understudies who obtained books, which will have RFID stickers for checking purposes, in the library. At present, the school’s library is utilizing the â€Å"Library System† in checking the books, which has various restrictions. It isn't fit for creating reports that can decide the books that are generally acquired which can assist them with choosing the quantity of a specific book they will buy later on. It is likewise utilizing Microsoft Visual Basic for the system’s database which can just store constrained data. Then again, the framework that the library is utilizing in recording the participation of the clients can't help them in distinguishing the library clients of the month. The bookkeepers need to physically check the occasions every understudy had signed in the framework. In conclusion, they have additionally no methods for reminding the library clients in regards to their acquired book Statement of the Problem Not equipped for producing reports that can decide the books that are for the most part obtained. No methods for reminding the library clients in regards to about their acquired books. Manual tallying the occasions every understudy had signed in the framework. Targets of the Study For the most part, the analysts mean to plan and build up a framework that would upgrade the utilization of the present Library System with the assistance of RFID in the said Institute. In particular, the examination intends to: Design and build up a framework that will create reports to decide the pattern in book obtaining Use MySQL for the system’s database Determine the library clients of the month in only a tick of a catch Remind the understudies and employees with respect to their acquired books Test and assess the system’s precision and dependability Scope and Delimitation There would be a few constraints to the venture that ought to be thought about. This investigation restricts its inclusion to the understudies of the Tanauan Institute as it were. It will be directed for two semesters which comprises of 10 months. Two low recurrence ACR122U Smart Card Readers will be utilized for the framework: one for the observing of books and the other one for the chronicle of the participation. The framework will be written in Microsoft Visual Basic 2010. The database that will be joined with such is Microsoft My SQL. It will execute just in stages running Windows Operating System. The uses of the framework will just cover the observing of books and following of the borrowers. Other unavoidable conditions, for example, power interferences and speed of access, and other increasingly complex regions of RFID Technology, for example, making sure about the information, are no longer piece of the investigation. Applied Framework For the scientists to have the option to concoct a Radio Frequency Identification Reloading System, they will require truly adaptable and flexible information in utilizing the VB. NET programming language and in utilizing the MS Server 2008. They will likewise be requiring materials, for example, ACS Readers, labels which ought to be good with the peruser and a work area running Windows working framework. The related remote and neighborhood studies and writing would likewise be of enormous guide to them in view of the given data and issues with arrangements of these materials. With all the information, the materials to be utilized and the related assets, the analysts should cautiously design the entire investigation which will be the establishment of their examination all in all, assemble and dissect information before they plan and code the framework. After the coding stage, the analysts need to test and assess their investigation. On the off chance that vital, adjustments ought to be done to consummate the framework. Applied Paradigm The following is the figure of the theoretical worldview of the examination: NOTE:::: REVISED PARADIGM MAKE A NEW DIAGRAM.. Spot IT HERE!!!.. Figure 2. Worldview of the investigation Definition of Terms Accuracy is a quality of a solid framework accomplished from various tests and assessment. Course Management is a division in the library which is accountable for dealing with the getting and the returning of library materials. Assortment Management-is a division in the library which is accountable for keeping up the assortment of the library materials through including or refreshing records. Database is a sorted out assortment of information required for putting away, refreshing, recovering and seeing data for a specific framework. Library Management System is the framework which will be a guide for checking the books and following and reminding the borrowers in a specific library. Radio Frequency Identification is one of the most up to date recognizable proof innovations that utilization electromagnetic fields to move and read information that will be coordinated by the scientists in this investigation. Part 2 Related Literature and Studies A. Related Literature Foreign Literature Holloway (June 2006), Microsoft EMEA Manufacturing Industry Solutions Architect, composed a white paper which clarified the segments of a fundamental RFID framework and how it functions. As per him, a RFID framework is made out of three significant bits of gear, for example, (1) a little radio gadget called a tag, or the transponder, which contains the information, (2) the peruser, or the investigative specialist, that transmits and gathers information to be downloaded from and transferred to the tag, and (3) the host PC introduced with a RFID programming to process the information into important data. Daniel (2004) sums up the activity in a fundamental RFID framework as talked about beneath: First, the label will enter the RF field of the Reader at that point, the RF sign self control the Tag that will transmit the ID with other information which, then again, will be sent to the PC by the Reader. At that point, the PC will be the one sending information to the Reader which will be transmitted to the tag. In a paper distributed by Mitrokotsa and Douligeri (2009), â€Å"Integrated RFID and Sensor Networks: Architectures and Applications†, they talked about and separate RFID and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Technologies. They additionally examined why these advancements ought to be executed to different fields of business and their necessities. Since the defenders will utilize RFID, the tips, which are demonstrated viable, given in this examination on the best way to have better RFID-based frameworks will be of enormous assistance in leading their investigation. Soldatos (2010) planned an investigation entitled Rich Client Application for RFID EPCIS Repository wherein he made programming which proposed to give an UML-like graphical portrayal of the business areas, and read purposes of a venture with a more easy to understand RFID-based programming framework. Dhanalakshmi and Mamatha (n. d. ) composed a paper wherein they talked about the venture that they made entitled â€Å"RFID Based Library Management System† which is fundamentally the same as the examination being directed by the advocates. In their study’s decision, they have shown and demonstrated that RFID in the library accelerates its exchanges, for example, book getting, returning, looking through along these lines empowers staff to accomplish a greater amount of its duties. Mutigwe and Aghdasi (n. d. likewise directed an investigation entitled â€Å"Research Trends in RFID Technology† wherein they have given consideration at proceeding with look into exercises in the field of RFID and discussed the conceivable significant weights that RFID Technology is confronting today, for example, protection, significant expenses, and social and legitimate concerns. Neighborhood Literature Garcia (2009) made an examination, â€Å"Student Recognition Using Radio Freque ncy Identification for Tarlac State University†, which was embraced to build up a framework that would bolster and improve the present method of recognizing understudies at Tarlac State University. The framework is equipped for bringing in exceed expectations documents to refresh understudy records. Through the pictures and the data showed by the framework, security officials think that its simple to distinguish the understudies entering the school grounds. Reports can be created for organization and recording purposes. The worry of security was likewise tended to in light of the fact that the framework can control clients and produce essential records. Like the investigation of the advocates, the framework that they will make can likewise produce reports for checking and stock purposes. Another investigation which additionally centered around the record keeping of understudies who enter and leave the school premises is the â€Å"Design of RFID Interface System: A Prototype† directed by Engr. Dellosa (2007). He structured a hardware equipped for showing the appearance and flight of the understudies so that the understudies can likewise be informed. He likewise created programming fit for catching and recording the studen

Access Restrictions to Social Security Death Index

Access Restrictions to Social Security Death Index The Social Security Death Master File, kept up by the US Social Security Administration (SSA), is a database of death records gathered from an assortment of sources utilized by the SSA to oversee their projects. This incorporates demise data gathered from relatives, memorial service homes, money related organizations, postal specialists, States and other Federal offices. The Social Security Death Master File is certifiably not a far reaching record of all passings in the United States-only a record of those passings answered to the Social Security Administration. The SSA keeps up two adaptations of the Death Master File (DMF): Theâ full fileâ contains all demise records extricated from the SSA database, including passing information got from the States, and is imparted uniquely to certain Federal and State offices compliant with area 205(r) of the Social Security Act.The public fileâ (commonly alluded to as the Social Security Death Index, or SSDI), starting at 1 November 2011, doesâ notâ include shielded demise records got from the States.  According to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), which disperses the Death Master File, â€Å"Section 205(r) of the Act disallows SSA from unveiling state demise records SSA gets through its agreements with the states, aside from in constrained circumstances.† This change evacuated approximatelyâ 4.2 million of the 89 million passings around then contained in the open Death Master File (Social Security Death Index), and roughly 1 million less passings are presently included each year. At a similar time, the Social Security Agency addit ionally quit including the decedent’s private state and Zip code in the open document (SSDI). Why the Changes to the Public Social Security Death Index? The 2011 changes to the Social Security Death Index started with a Scripps Howard News Service examination in July 2011, that griped about people utilizing Social Security Numbers for expired people discovered online to submit expense and credit misrepresentation. Huge ancestry administrations which offered access to the Social Security Death Index were focused as assisting with propagating the misrepresentation identified with utilization of government managed savings numbers for expired people. In November 2011, GenealogyBank expelled government managed savings numbers from their free U.S. Standardized savings Death Index database, after two clients grumbled their protection was disregarded when the Social Security Administration dishonestly recorded them as perished. In December 2011, after a request sent to the five biggest family history administrations who gave online access to the SSDI, by U.S. Senators Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), Richard Blumenthal (D-Connecticut), Bill Nelson (D-Florida) and Richard J. Durbin (D-Illinois), Ancestry.com evacuated all entrance to the famous, free form of the SSDI that had been facilitated on RootsWeb.com for longer than 10 years. They likewise evacuated standardized savings numbers for people who passed on inside the previous 10 yearsâ from the SSDI database facilitated behind their enrollment divider on Ancestry.com,â due to sensitivities around the data in this database. The Senators December 2011 appeal asked organizations to expel and no longer post on your site expired people Social Security numbers since they accept that the advantages gave by making the Death Master File promptly accessible online are enormously exceeded by the expenses of unveiling such close to home data, and that ...given the other data accessible on your site complete names, birth dates, demise dates  Social Security numbers give little advantage to people undertaking to find out about their familial history. While the letter yielded that posting the Social Security numbers isn't unlawful under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), it additionally proceeded to call attention to that legitimateness and respectability are not something very similar. Lamentably, these 2011 limitations werent the finish of the progressions to free to the Social Security Death Index. Compliant with law went in December 2013 (Section 203 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013), access to data contained in the Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (DMF) is presently restricted for a multi year time frame starting on the date of an individual’s passing to approved clients and beneficiaries who fit the bill for affirmation. Genealogists and others can no longer demand duplicates of government disability applications (SS-5) for people who have kicked the bucket inside the previous three years under the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act. Late passings are likewise excluded from the SSDI until three years after the date of death. Where You Can Still Access the Social Security Death Index Online

Where Psychologists Can Work

Where Psychologists Can Work Student Resources Careers Print Where Psychologists Work Employment Statistics, Schedules, Pay Rates, and Outlook By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 09, 2018 Tom M Johnson / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips How many psychologists are there? Where do they typically work? What kind of pay can a psychologist expect? We found answers to these questions in the 2016-2017 Occupational Outlook Handbook from the U.S. Department of Labors Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment Statistics Psychologists held approximately 173,900  jobs in 2014. Approximately 33 percent were self-employed in 2014, usually as private practitioners. Work Environment An estimated 25 percent of psychologists work in elementary and secondary school settings.  Educational institutions often employ psychologists in positions other than teaching,  like  counseling, testing, research, and administration. Approximately 10 percent of psychologists work for government agencies at the state and local levels. The government often employs psychologists to work in public hospitals, clinics, correctional facilities, and other settings. Around nine percent were employed in the offices of mental healthcare practitioners other than physicians and another six percent worked in state, local, and private hospitals. Those who work in healthcare often work for mental health practitioners, physicians, outpatient mental health and substance abuse centers, and private hospitals. Five percent were employed in family and individual services. After several years of experience, some psychologists, usually those with doctoral degrees, can enter private practice or set up private research or consulting firms. In addition to the previously mentioned jobs, many psychologists held faculty positions at colleges and universities and as high school psychology teachers. Psychologists are also employed in a number of other areas not specifically mentioned in the Occupational Outlook Handbook. Many psychologists work in research positions in various subfields of psychology. Some additional areas of employment include positions in industrial-organizational psychology and human-factors psychology. Other psychologists work in business as managers, consultants, and marketing researchers. Religious organizations also employ psychologists. Work Schedule Can Vary A psychologists work schedule depends largely upon the specialty area in which they work and who employs them. Those who work in school, business, government, or healthcare settings often work full-time each week during normal business hours. Those who are self-employed or work for outpatient clinics may find that their work hours are less regular. They can often set their own schedules, but they may also find themselves having to work evenings or weekends in order to accommodate clients or deal with client emergencies. Salary Information The median salary for all psychologists in 2016 was $75,230, which translates to $36.17 per hour. Median salaries for specific jobs include: Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists - $73,270Industrial-organizational psychologist - $82,760All other psychologists - $95,710Psychologists working in government - $92,880Psychologists working in hospitals - $81,740Psychologists working in mental health practices - $75,670Psychologists working in family and individual services - $66,220 Job Outlook Employment for psychologists overall is predicted to grow 19 percent from 2014 to 2024, which is significantly faster than the outlook for most other careers. For school, clinical, and counseling psychologists, its 20 percent.

Sociological Definition of Degradation Ceremony

Historically, a degradation ceremony is the process by which to lower a persons social status within a group or within society in general, for the purposes of shaming that person for violating norms, rules, or laws, and to inflict punishment by taking away rights and privileges, as well as access to the group or society in some cases. Degradation Ceremonies in History Some of the earliest documented forms of degradation ceremonies are within military history, and this is a practice that still exists today (known within the military as cashiering). When a member of a military unit violates the rules of the branch, he or she may be stripped of rank, perhaps even publicly by the removal of stripes from ones uniform. Doing so results in an immediate demotion in rank or expulsion from the unit. However, degradation ceremonies take many other forms, from the formal and dramatic to the informal and subtle. What unifies them is that they all serve the same purpose: to lower a persons status and limit or revoke their membership in a group, community, or society. Sociologist Harold Garfinkel coined the term (also known as status degradation ceremony)  in the essay Conditions of Successful Degradation Ceremonies, published in  American Journal of Sociology  in 1956. Garfinkel explained that such processes tend to follow moral outrage after a person has committed a violation, or a perceived violation, of norms, rules, or laws. Thus degradation ceremonies can be understood in the context of the sociology of deviance. They mark and punish the deviant, and in the process of doing so, reaffirm the importance and legitimacy of the norms, rules, or laws that were violated (much like other rituals, as discussed by Émile Durkheim). Initiation Ritual On some occasions, degradation ceremonies are  used to initiate people into total institutions like mental hospitals, prisons, or military units. The purpose of a ceremony in this context is to deprive people of their former identities and dignity in order to make them more accepting of external control. The perp walk, wherein a person suspected of committing criminal acts is publicly arrested and led into a police car or station, is a common example of this kind of degradation ceremony. Another common example is the sentencing to jail or prison of an accused criminal in a court of law. In cases like these, arrest and sentencing, the accused or convicted loses their identity as a free citizen and is given a new and lower criminal/deviant identity that deprives them of the social status they previously enjoyed. At the same time, their rights and access to membership of society are limited by their new identity as an accused criminal or a convict. Its important to recognize that degradation ceremonies can also be informal but still quite effective. For example, the act of slut-shaming a girl or woman, whether in person, within her community (like a school), or online produces similar effects to the formal kind. Being labeled a slut by a cohort of peers can lower a girl or womans social status and deny her access to her peer group. This kind of degradation ceremony is the modern-day version of the Puritans forcing people who were thought to have had sex out of marriage to wear AD (for adulterer) on their clothing (the origins of Hawthornes story  The Scarlet Letter). Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Impact Of Globalization On The Global Age - 1616 Words

Globalization is an ongoing process which involves increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the global age. Globalization is complex, yet it includes almost â€Å"everyone, everything, and every place, in innumerable ways† (Ritzer, 2011:12). Globalization has connected the world and as a result has connected an interdepended world, where countries are integrated more than ever. Thus, a significant outcome of globalization is the development and use of Multinational companies (MNC’S). MNCs are large corporations that originated in one country and have outsource their production across national borders to host countries. The ‘home country’ which is generally industrialized, wealthy companies move into developing, or ‘host’ countries. Within these host countries, MNCs operate and produce goods at a reduced cost for the producing company by taking advantage of different labour policies as a result, this provides the consumer with a vast amount of more affordable products. The presence of MNC’s are not a new phenomenon and have been around as early at the seventeenth century (Abdulsomad, 2014). While there are three phases of the evolution of MNC’s, the third is the most progressive, and prominent in contemporary society. Thus, the third phase of the â€Å"corporate evolution can be characterized as the phase of rapid liberalization, globalization and the revolution in information communication technology (Abdulsomad, 2014). This phase highlightedShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalisation On The Way The Business Operate854 Words   |  4 PagesIn this report I am going to define the meaning of Globalisation and assess the impact of globalisation on the way the business operate. 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Evaluation of Operations Management Free Essays

string(57) " watch on their staff availability to service customers\." A financial institution is selected for the purpose of this review. To maintain its confidentiality this organization will be referred to as RCB Bank. This review is based on personal working experience in RCB Bank and reference to other materials such as internet and books on related subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Operations Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now RCB Bank was established in July 1959 with its first branch located in Kuala Lumpur. RCB Bank was the first American bank to be incorporated as a subordinate company of the worldwide American bank. It started with 17 employees and now has 5,500 staff of which more than 95% are local. It was localized in 1994. Now, this institution serves customers across 7 branches in KL, Selangor, Penang and Johor. RCB Bank offers both consumer and corporate banking services. It offers a range of banking and financial management service including credit card, loans, insurance and investment in consumer business. RCB Bank is a leading player in Malaysia credit card space, holding 20% market share in credit card usage.Corporate banking services offers a broad spectrum of financial services that includes treasury management, transaction services, securities custodianship, foreign exchange, fixed income, sales and trading and corporate finance to corporate clients, governments and financial institutions. RCB Bank is the only foreign bank to be rated AAA by the Rating Agency Malaysia for 8 consecutive years a reflection of its effective operation management. Operation Management is the science and art of ensuring that products and services are created and delivered successfully to internal or external customers.Every organization’s ultimate goal is to maximize profit and improve its return on investment. To achieve this, a proper operation management is necessary. There are five objectives of operation management, namely Quality Speed Flexibility Dependability Cost All this five objectives apply to all type of operations (organization), including RCB Bank. The diagram below shows the bank’s transactional process flow. It will assist to illustrate how the five objectives integrate within the institution’s operation. Quality The first objective discussed is quality.As many competitive organization, RCB Bank also emphasizes on its quality. It aims to always exceed customers’ expectation. For a financial institution quality means doing things right in the first time on processing coupled with knowledgeable and courteous staff. In its effort to ensure quality RCB Bank manages the following activities: †¢Staff training †¢Process documentation †¢Campaigns on quality. Staff training Staffs are given training that befits their station. A sales staff is trained on product knowledge, customer service as well as compliance to both internal and external regulations. This is to ensure that they are able to provide quality service to the customer. The bank tellers and processing clerks are given high-level product knowledge training and more on the processes and compliance. This is to ensure a zero defect processing. Then there are the various levels of managers, all of whom are given the trainings that will enable them to support the organization’s drive towards quality. Process documentation This organization invested in getting ISO accreditation for its processes. This is a proof of the organization’s commitment towards quality.In order to obtained the accreditation the organization is required to document its processes and ensure that the quality aspect of these processes are given due emphasis. Each department in the organization has the relevant processes documented. These processes are designed to ensure error free process, such as inclusion of maker and checker. New processes are added and obsolete ones removed. These documents are updated and reviewed on regular basis to ensure that they are current and remain relevant. Staff are required to read, understand and follow this standard processes.This is to ensure that the quality of the process is maintained throughout the organization. Campaigns on quality On regular basis this organization will launch campaigns to ensure that quality is maintained. Among the popular ones are the ‘Zero defect’ and the ‘WOW’ campaign. As the name suggest, these campaigns are to encourage an error free processing and a beyond expectation customer servicing respectively. Staffs are encouraged to support the campaign and rewards are given to those who excelled in their achievement.The above are just some example of the tools applied by the organization in ensuring quality, hence gaining edge against its competitors. Speed Speed is another important objective for organization to have an edge against it competitors. Customer expect speedy fulfillment of their needs in various aspects of their lives i. e getting a passport or loans application. In this millennium world, it is possible to provide instantaneous service like internet banking and phone banking. Customer could make their banking transactions electronically without having to physically go to the bank.This not only saves the customer precious time and money but provide convenience of banking from their own home. The institution has invested time and money in re-engineering processes to eliminate long and unproductive processes. An example of this is where previously customer is required to sign multiple forms in order to conduct transactions on the various banking products. With re-engineering, the institution has cut through the process and now requires just a single form to affect their banking. This contributes to a speedy service delivery, which benefits the customer. With such implementation, it provides convenience and save cost for the customers. This institution will launch a process improvement program on regular basis. Staff is encouraged to provide feedback and suggestion to improve processes, which they are familiar with. Staff is being trained to re-look into the existing process and to eliminate redundant work without impacting the compliance and regulatory. An example of this is reduction of the numbers of hands off in a process i. e. approving Credit facilities where it used to flow across four departments. After a brainstorming session, this process was reduced from passing through four departments to only two. This new process satisfies customer need for speedy deliver by reducing service turnaround time. Another move by the institution in ensuring speedy service is by keeping close watch on their staff availability to service customers. You read "Evaluation of Operations Management" in category "Papers" Capacity planning is done up to ensure adequate staff is available to meet customer demand in providing service within the turnaround time. Staff is trained to multi-skill so that they can support each other in time of staff shortage.This will ensure that the speed of service delivery is not affected. (Appendix I). Flexibility Flexibility simply means the ability to adapt quickly and effective to changing requirements. This changing requirement can either be a change in the customers’ need for a product or service or a change in volume of demand. Although RCB Bank has limited branches in Malaysia compare to other banks, it still attracts wide range of customers from parts of the country where it has no branch represented. This is made possible through partnering with other non-financial institutions and designing innovative products.An example of this flexibility is the partnering with a well-known mobile company to provide fund transfer services to their customers. Funding of the funds transfer is made through mobile company who will then relay the instruction to RCB Bank to affect the fund transfer. This provides the convenience and flexibility to customer who may not even be a client of RCB Bank. In terms of services, multiple choices are available to serve customer conveniently. Customer may do phone banking or internet banking.In addition, for the corporate client the bank also provides collection services, where the bank partnered with courier companies to service the customer needs such as collecting checks and other financial transaction request from their doorstep. With all these services being offered, customers can avoid the hassle of jam or looking for parking as they do not need to go to the bank and do their banking transactions. In addition, there is also the standing instruction service, which the customer can subscribe to, and the bank will handle the rest of the work on a timely hassle free manner.Flexibility to volume or demand Another example is in their ability to rise to the increase in demand during the festive season. During this time e. g. Chinese New Year the bank may expect a higher volume of customer in the bank, mostly with the needs for new notes. The bank has made it convenient for the customers by dispensing new notes via the Automated Teller Machine (ATM). This will speed up the service as well as reduce the bank operating cost as the process of exchanging of new notes is now transferred from human to machine. DependabilityDependability is another objective of operation management. In a financial institution, it is important that both its system and human resource to be highly dependable. RCB Bank has a responsibility of meeting its customers’ expectation and deliver as promised. System Dependability System dependability is fulfilled through various means. As a bank, it is expected that the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and internet banking is available as promised i. e. 24 hours a day. In ensuring this, the bank has placed its IT support personnel to be on stand-by round the clock.In the event of breakdown of any of this channel, the supports will instant work on recovering the system. All system downtime are closely monitored and contingency plan evoke in the event recovery is not possible within the expected time frame. Understanding the importance of system dependability, RCB Bank undertakes a system recovery exercise semi annually. Through this exercise the bank is able to gauge its system recovery time. This exercise includes all system, even the mainframe. Human Resource DependabilityIt is the bank’s responsibility to ensure that it can function even when it has human resource crisis such as during pandemic of any kind, strike or any form of emergency like ‘September 11’. In ensuring that service is not disrupted under such circumstances the bank has come out with Continuity of Business Plan. This plan is being tested semi annually, simulating a condition of such crisis. Staff is trained to be multi-skilled in order to ensure dependability. Security of deposits Security of deposits is another form of dependability expected of a financial institution.The bank is responsible to ensure that customer funds are safe at all time. Security measures are being taken to ensure that physical cash are safe by employment of security guards, close circuit camera and vault. The bank also invested in system security to prevent hackings into customer data and funds. The Bank is also mandated to take up insurance for customers’ deposit via Malaysian Deposit Insurance Corporation (PIDM) as protection in the event the bank goes bankrupt. COST Last but not least amongst the objective of operation management is cost.Cost refers to cost of operation which includes both capital costs and annual operating costs (fixed cost and variable cost). In order to remain competitive and profitable, an organization needs to keep their cost as low as is compatible with the levels of quality, speed, dependability and flexibility as demanded by their customers. There are many ways cost can be contained. An error free operation not only projects quality but also help maintain cost low as no costly rework needs to be done. No personnel required to pacify irate customers. RCB Bank aims for zero-defect processing in its operation.It also embarks on process re-engineering to reduce the processing time, eliminates redundancy and reduces usage of stationeries, RCB Bank also invested in automation. Though this adds to fixed cost it helps reduces annual operating cost. An example of this is internet banking. With internet banking, RCB Bank managed to reduce cost through reduction of manpower. With reduction of manpower, rentals are reduced, as less workspace is required. As internet banking also means error free processing it also contribute to cost reduction and quality. ConclusionIn summary, it can be seen that RCB Bank has successfully applied the five objectives of operation management in meeting its business goal, namely in maintain good return on investment (ROI). RCB Bank needs to continue its effort in producing more innovative product and services. This is because the competition is great and before long its winning ways will be copied. In order to continue being a market leader and having an edge over its competitors, it will need to continue delivering new products and services that exceeds customers’ expectation and keep them satisfied. How to cite Evaluation of Operations Management, Papers

Spin, Science and Climate Change

Introduction Proponents of climate change argue scientifically that the cause of global warming is the accumulation of green house gases and water vapor in the atmosphere over a period. On contrary, opponents view global warming as scientific assumption and fraudulent which does not obey the physical laws of nature.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Spin, Science and Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The controversy has lead to conclusion that â€Å"action on climate is justified, not because the science is certain, but precisely because it is not† (The Economist Para. 1). This conclusion questions the validity of the scientific evidence and recommendations used by politicians to achieve their desired ends. Climate Change The United States senators and industrial groups discussed on legislations to regulate carbon-dioxide emissions based on the scientific recommendations from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The implementation of the legislation is still to face some drawbacks such as unwillingness of the politicians as demonstrated during Copenhagen summit, economic recession, and credibility of climatologists (The Economist Para. 2). These drawbacks enhance the doubts and give an upper hand to the skeptics of global warming to reject scientific recommendations. Although the United States government took seriously the problem of climate change at first instance by establishing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, their recommendations attracted opposing views. While some politicians felt that the problem of climate change have been overstated others felt it was understated. These opposing views have increased doubts on the certainty and reality of the global warming since politicians and journalists seem to be simplifying and exaggerating the problem of climate change. The economic recession and the uncertainties of the scientific report has p rovided basis for unwilling politicians and economists not spent money in combating climate change (The Economist Para. 3-5). The controversy pose a great challenge to the scientists since their results and recommendations are misinterpreted hence it is a daunting task for them to regain their credibility.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The IPCC report illustrated uncertainties in their predictions by giving a very wide range of temperature increase. Due to the demands for certainty by the politicians and voters, varied scientific results are subjected to many interpretations to suite their interests. For instance, exaggeration of the global warming effects may provide temporary measures to combat it, although it is wrong and dangerous approach of influencing people to support unknowingly (The Economist Para. 6). Exaggeration of the climate change effect and occurrence scare people in favor of certain political views rather than concrete scientific evidence. Skeptics argue that the uncertainties and inconsistencies of the IPCC report exaggerate the gravity of the climate change because the results were very subjective and had many mistakes. Moreover, allegations of the unwillingness to share data by the scientists before Copenhagen climate summit raised more concern and criticism about the certainty of the results and the criteria of determining the extent of climate changes. There is a perception that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a political tool used by the government hence it has lost credibility and public confidence (The Economist Para. 7). Loss of credibility on the part of scientists is a deadly blow to the world of science. Conclusion The uncertainties and inconsistencies of the scientific results coupled with the varied political and economic interests led to the manipulation and misinterpretation of scientific recommendations. The m isinterpretation of the scientific results has raised questions over credibility of scientific procedures that seem unreliable in defining strategies of solving climate change. Works Cited The Economist. â€Å"Climate Science: Spin, Science and Climate Change.† The Economist  Newspaper Limited, 18 Mar. 2010. Web. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2010/03/18/spin-science-and-climate-change This report on Spin, Science and Climate Change was written and submitted by user Charlie Ball to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ethics for Professional As Accountant essays

Ethics for Professional As Accountant essays Ethics for professional as accountant As our society is increasing complex, the ambiguity of situation in business transaction is increased. Thus, it is more and more important for accountant to concern ethics issue and to follow the accounting framework. Not like the color of your eyes, ethics is not inherited from parents. It is acquired by learning after born.  ¡Ã‚ °Ethical reasoning, is not a matter of applying the appropriate algorithm to a situation and mechanically calculating the correct moral result. Ethical reasoning is more subtle, less precise, often more difficult. ¡ (Damian Consider something ethically requires one to value the decision beyond his self-interest alone in reaching the decision. Also ethical judgment is universalized, it should be objective and without any biases or preferences. Besides, ethics is practical for action-guide. We can evaluate the people ¡Ã‚ ¯s behavior by prescriptive guidance. That means we can predict the consequence of people by referring the proper ethics code. The ethics issue has tight connection with the professional as the accountant. Accountants collect and process the financial information to assist the decision making of public. This financial information has a wide range of users, like banks, investors, potential investors, employees, suppliers, creditors, customers, analysts, media and government bodies. Their decision making will be influenced by the financial information generated by accountant. True and fair is the principle of financial report. Thus faith to the figure is the basic as the accountant. Ethical challenges for accountant take several forms and raise diff...

How Does ACT Essay Length Affect Your Score

How Does ACT Essay Length Affect Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There's not a whole lot of information out there on how essay length affects ACT Writing scoring. Are longer essays better? But the essay scoring rubric doesn't say anything about essay length, so maybe it doesn't matter? Fear not - your questions will be answered in this article. feature image credit:48 What's That? How Long? Sit On, It., Lindt Big Egg Hunt Covent Garden 26-3-2013 by Martin Pettitt, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. Why Does Essay Length Matter? Short answer: essay length is highly correlated with essay score. The more you write, the better you’ll do on the essay. There's a fairly famous 2005 New York Times article by Michael Winerip about the then-director of MIT's undergraduate writing program, Les Perelman. When he compared the lengths and scores of the 54 sample essays the CollegeBoard had released, he found that he could predict essay score based on essay length 90% of the time. Short essays (around 100 words) received a 1 out of 6, while the longest essays (around 400 words) received a 6 out of 6. I searched online to see if anyone had done comparable research on the ACT essay, but did not turn up anything, so I did a quick analysis of the word counts for the sample ACT essays. All the essays were written in response to the same prompt, and all received the same score across the 4 ACT Writing scoring domains (for more on this, read my article on the ACT essay grading rubric). Bonus graph practice for ACT Reading. You're welcome! As you can see in the graph above, the more words you write in your essay, the better you'll do. In fact, essays with a score of 5 or 6 in all domains had nearly twice as many words (and so were twice as long) as the essay scoring a 2 in all domains. On the other hand, it’s important to note that writing a long essay does not automatically lead to a higher score. Looking at the graph above, it might be tempting to think "hey, I guess I can just fill up my paper with an essay about dinosaurs, and as long as I write at least 400 words I'm guaranteed a 4 or higher! Time to write my magnum opus about the new discovery that apatosaurs and brontosaurs are in fact different species." Brontosaurus by philosophygeek, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. That's right. Brontosaurus is back, babies! Unfortunately for all of you dinosaur fans out there, it's not that simple. While there is a strong correlation between essay length and essay score, the correlation is most likely caused by a third factor: essay content. Longer essays tend to score higher because it indicates the student has done a deeper analysis of the topic and been more thoughtful.Essay graders aren't just going to look at your 4-page essay on comparative dinosaur anatomy and go "That sure looks like the length of a high-scoring essay. 6s all around!" The graph above shows this correlation while also highlighting another interesting trend: a 6-scoring essay can very well be shorter than a 5-scoring essay. The most likely reason for this? The 6-scoring essay on the ACT site uses more advanced vocabulary, which means the writer required fewer words to say the same amount of information. So How Long Should Your Essay Be? There are multiple factors that determine how long your essay ends up being, only some of which will lead to a higher score. Below, I've listed the four key factors that determine essay length. 1. Vocabulary. The more advanced vocabulary you use, the fewer words you'll need to get your point across, which might result in a shorter essay. This difference can be seen on the word count graph above: the 5-scoring essay is longer than the 6-scoring essay. 2. Handwriting size. Students with smaller handwriting may be able to get in more words per pages, which means that their essays end up being fewer pages. This doesn't necessarily mean students with larger handwriting have an advantage, however; in fact, students with larger handwriting tend to run into the issue of filling up all the available pages and failing saying everything they needed or wanted to say. 3. Your writing and thinking speed. If you take longer than 8-10 minutes to plan out your essay, you might end up writing a shorter essay, simply because you don't have as much time to write. That doesn't necessarily mean that you'll do worse on the essay - an organized essay with well-explained examples will score better than a disorganized one without any support - but it does mean that you might end up with less time to write out your ideas. 4. Writing vs. planning time. You'll need to figure out what proportion of planning to writing time works best for you through practice. Over the years, I've realized that I can write fairly quickly, which means that it's okay if I take a little more time to plan out my essay - I'll still be able to write everything I need to. On the other hand, if you find that you're a slow writer, you might not be able to write enough unless you get faster at planning your essay. Assuming you can hand-write about 150 words per page, you should aim for at least two pages to get an ACT writing score of 3 (or above) in the Ideas Analysis, Development Support, and Organization domains. To get a 5 or a 6, you’ll probably need to write at least three pages. What’s Next? How can you write so much in so short an amount of time? Follow along, step by step, as I write a top-scoring ACT essay. Curious as to what â€Å"domain† scores are and how you can score a 2 in one domain and still get a perfect 12 on your essay? Take a look at this article on the ACT essay scoring rubric for analysis and strategies. Took the old ACT and not sure if your essay preparations need to be revamped? Read up on the new enhanced ACT Writing Test! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Marketing Plan - Essay Example The marketing efforts will comprise design contest entries, participating in trade shows and advertising in lifestyle magazines and industry (Pride, 2011). Product Strategy – business will be its own label which it puts on its grooming services. We will also market our partners services. We will provide loving and attending service to all pets being brought into our stores for grooming, training, or medical care. We will also steer away from the "warehouse" perspective and work to make our stores brighter and more attractive (Pride, 2011). Price Strategy: we will aggressively market our prices to be cheaper than independent pet shop tattlers and to compete against other well known boxes retailers and stores. Sales will be competitive, and we will have a supply discount card which provides more savings to the customers. We will also compare our competitors’ prices and ensure that our prices are either lower or the same price with better services. Regular customers may be offered special price tags as well as the customers who have docile and tolerable pets (Pride, 2011). Distribution (Place) Strategy: Stores will be well stocked with fresh - raw materials, and also products that provide animals with specific dietary needs (weight control, skin allergies, sensitive stomachs, urinary health, etc.) as well as natural, grain free products. Safe transport services will be provided in case of door to door pet collection and delivery (Pride, 2011). Promotion Strategy: Internet marketing, radio advertisements, television advertisements, word of mouth, public relations (through animal foster and animal shelters groups). In subsequent years, the business will expand its marketing endeavors to include individual consumers reachable through lifestyle magazine advertisement and through cable televisions, sponsoring pet competitions and shows and

Slavery Following the Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Slavery Following the Civil War - Research Paper Example tely following the Civil War 13 Rebuilding their Lives 13 Differing Expectations 15 The Reconstruction 16 The Fight for Rights 17 The Plantations 19 Development of an Identity 22 An Identity as a Race 22 There was no doubt that the blacks were distinct culturally from the whites in many ways, and there were two predominant schools of thought concerning how blacks and whites should interact with each other at public locations such as churches. One school of thought was to encourage integration, the mixing of the two cultures. This involved, in concept, blacks and whites attending the same churches, the same schools, and there being no racial distinction within these areas. The second opinion was of segregation and isolation. Segregation consisted of the two races attending the same areas, but within those places the whites sitting in one area and the blacks in another. Isolation by contrast involved distinct communities and locations for blacks and whites. For example, some black Chri stian’s tired of the segregation that was occurring within their church choose to leave and start a congregation entirely for blacks. Churches soon became a place of sanctuary and self reflection, as those that were exclusively for blacks became areas that they had sole control over. Within the church walls debates could rage at length about any number of topics, such as economics, social standing and politics, topics which expression their opinion of on the public stage would have been frowned upon or even dangerous. 22 Identity as an Individual 23 Importance of Family 24 Black Suffrage 25 Laws 25 Was Emancipation Successful? 27 Black Oppression 28 Not Slavery, but Oppression and Servitude 28 Segregation 29 Present Day 30 Conclusion 32 In 1865 nationwide abolishment of slavery was... The paper tells that prior to the American Civil war, slavery was common within the Union; it was an institution and a way of life that had existed since the early European colonists. The use of slaves was especially prevalent in the Southern states, where they had a strong role in the plantation economy. Slavery was one of the driving forces for the American Civil War which ran from 1861to 1865, spearheaded by newly elected President Abraham Lincoln. The four year Civil War was a point of significant change for the United States, resulting in the abolishment of slavery from all of the States by the end of the Reconstruction period. Those who had been slaves prior to the Civil War were freed as a consequence of the outcome and given full control of their own lives. For many this was the first time they had ever had freedom, and most sought to find economic independence as well as the ability to determine their own working and living times. The death of slavery in practice was not as immediate as it appears through examining the changes in law. The Reconstruction period which followed the Civil War showed clearly the reluctance of Democrats, particularly in the South, to accept blacks no longer being slaves and being given equal rights. This was enforced through state law where Democratic majority existed, or through secret societies such as the Ku Klux Clan in the states where the Republicans were prominent. For many freed slaves their manner of life did not change for many years.  

Reform Measures in Healthcare

Reform Measures in Healthcare Within a rapidly expanding global community, evolving economies and social structures challenge local governments to reform and revise historical practices in more supportive and efficient manners. New public sector management aligns explicit standards and objectives with a ‘hands on’ management technique dedicated to generating tangible outputs and improving efficiencies. Global leaders in such progressive policies recognize that convergence between nations as well as internal organisations continues to evolve public policy towards cohesive and translatable objectives. Recognizing the multinational variability inherent in public sector modernisation, the OECD (2003) reminds that oftentimes systemic differences and public transparency offer significant challenges to integrating such convergence methodology. Yet policy evolution challenges governing bodies to recognize the benefits of actively participating within the public sector and defining the nature of organisationa l compartmentalisation as well as establishing a participative role within a much broader multi-national enterprise. Perhaps one of the most researched models of public sector management, the health care sector offers a challenging, yet essential participle to works programmes that are increasingly becoming a staple of humanitarian necessity. Goddard and Mannion (2004) recognized that governance systems evolve around a hybrid of vertical and horizontal methods, each imposing unique performance expectations on the constructs of public programmes. The former, a mode of authoritative control from a central body, enables dissemination of ideologies and performance expectations across a broad range of coordinated operations. More autonomous by nature and open to rapid evolution, under horizontal initiatives, local programmes are responsible for performance initiatives, oftentimes competing and collaborating with their counterparts throughout the process. Both the UK and China have integrated varied representations of such programmes as modes of reforming their health care initiatives. While similarities and natural convergence exist in practice and policy, the historic path towards improved public programmes has undergone dramatically divergent modes of operation. The following sections compare and contrast such evolution, recognizing the opportunities for future reform as health care reform becomes an increasingly volatile political topic. In order to appropriately consider reform measures, government leaders must actively consider the benefits of decentralisation and potential for accountability protocol in spite of divergence. Davies, et al. (2005) challenge that it is important to the reform process to explore the advantages of increased competition prior to policy implementation; from this proactive, analytical standpoint, national leaders can actively direct their performance expectations in a result driven programme. Given the objectives of disggregation, performance contracting must integrate a multi-dimensional structure, one which becomes innate within corporate procedures, policies, and activities, and is regularly audited for compliance (Talbot, et al., 2000). Those nations who establish firm programme objectives prior to implementation will allow a variety of targeted studies, including convergence comparisons, future feasibility protocol, and concise results analysis. Within the UK reform system, the Natio nal Health Service (NHS) has been designed with performance measurement guidelines strictly integrated into its foundation. Specifically, the formation of Foundation Trusts, a type public-private partnership, has enabled regulation through achievement of performance objectives directly related to both economic and social expectations (Goddard and Mannion, 2004). A form of both vertical and horizontal control, such foundations provide for accountability along government sponsored programme lines as well as intra-network through their partnerships with other trusts. Talbot, et al. (2000) recognize that once agency control has been extended outside of the locus of governmental control, regaining oversight and returning operations to an internal government function is both difficult and oftentimes detrimental to the success of the programme. For China, however, this locus of control has presented a much more dire challenge, as redistribution of power to local authorities in the 1990â₠¬â„¢s represented a dramatic decline in health care coverage and a lack of social equity in opportunities. Historic challenges within the public sector reform initiatives are directly linked to a relaxed sphere of governmental control, one which is deeply seeded in a loss of democratic abilities, diverse and incongruous organisational formats, and coordination failures (OECD, 2004). Perhaps one of the most integral but challenging objectives of public sector reform is that of economic benefit and appropriate balances throughout a developing system. Between 1978 and 1990, the Chinese government, realising that medical subsidies were limiting economic growth, reduced government spending from 32% to 15% of GDP revenue (Blumenthal and Hsiao, 2005). Palmer (2006) notes that in the UK, health care expenses currently account for around 7 percent per annum of English GDP and is expected to increase to around 8 percent over the coming five years. In spite of the dedicated capital flow, historic Chinese health care relied on an inefficient system which was eventually devolved to local governments and provincial leaders, dramatically adjusting the available financing within poorer rural areas (Blumenthal and Hsiao, 2005). In fact, recent data from the Chinese Ministry of Health demonstrates that spending per capita throughout urban areas is over 3.5 times that of rural are as, underling the subversive mechanisms of public sector divergence and reform efforts (Chinese Health Statistical Digest, 2005). Under the reformed UK NHS system, such deficiencies are idealistically reduced through a system of weighted capitation and demand-side reform (Department of Health, 2005). The long term objective is to impose efficiency standards on PCT’s in an effort to regulate the dispersion of funding across large geographical areas. In this way, both urban and rural participants receive equitable treatment and humanitarian interests are maintained in spite of social standing. The recent revision to the Chinese health care plan boasts similar principles, placing citizen services before profit and transitioning its national healthcare system to one of non-profit status (Juan, 2008). Unfortunately, a programme which is primarily reliant on tax surplus and participant fee payments will flounder within the overwhelming needs of a rapidly expanding global power. One method that evolving governments have actualized rapid growth and economic stability is through public private partnerships and privatisation. Hsiao (1995) notes that given the radical shift away from governmental funding, market-oriented fee based systems became normative throughout China, thereby reducing the propensity of rural poor to pursue inoculations and more common medical treatments due to an overwhelming cost basis. The modern Chinese system purports a much more inclusive focus, challenging consumers to participate within the reform mechanisms and have a voice in government initiatives (China Daily News, 2008). Yet even under the reform measures within the NHS system, citizen vocalization remains a key point of debate, as a recent survey generated less than favourable results for the progress over the past several years. Ultimately, the challenge to the governing organisations is to allow a participative structure with accountability protocol for local commissioners wh o fail at their expected duties (Department of Health, 2008). Returning oversight to trusts and local authorities and expanding focus away from private finance initiatives and privately managed health care systems will continue to redress the challenges of performance achievement and social participation. Privatisation within the Chinese medical infrastructure has dramatically altered the quality and cost basis of medical services, undermining the needs of a financially burdened population, and evading governmental oversight due to limited performance evaluations and control mechanisms (Liu and Mills, 2002). Similarly, Dummer and Cook (2007) challenge that the Chinese regime moves towards a privatised and market-based economy of health care has led to inequity and inefficiency in the health service system, directly undermining the expected performance results achieved by international counterparts. Considerations within public sector often revolve around government oversight and market partnerships which sustain broad focus objectives and offer progressive reform stability. One evolution of the NHS system which has a occurred as a result of the 2004 and 2006 white papers is the introduction of community health care, and most importantly, a predictive structure which integrates both local preventative care facilities with hospital services (Palmer, 2006). Exemplary of opportunism within private practice, within its historic format, Chinese practitioners have been encouraged to utilize more sophisticated methods of diagnosis and treatment (and by nature, more costly) as government subsidies actively reduce the cost of more fundamental treatments in order to extend medical opportunities to all classes of citizens (Wagstaff and Lindelow, 2008). Lakin (2005) reminds that within developing nations, natural inadequacies within the regime structure oftentimes encourage the integration of agency initiatives and public works management. An evasion tactic, agency integration offers an exodus from bureaucratic inefficiencies, thereby benefiting both social and economic development at a much more rapid and effective pace than government oversight can offer. Under the reform mechanisms set in motion in the NHS system, general practitioners (GP’s) are offered incentives for reducing the number of unnecessary hospital referrals and maintaining an appropriate geographic area for patient distribution (Palmer, 2006). Chinese reform mechanisms challenge practitioners to ensure appropriate distribution of the patient base, limiting hospital visits to those scenarios which require complex solutions not actionable at their local clinic or GP (Juan, 2008). The nature of reform is one which continues to evolve as public interest and more efficient solutions become visible through experience and convergence. The OECD in their 2004 Policy Brief reminds that the impetus for public administration should be one founded on governance and not the narrowed and limiting principles of managerial oversight. This secondary nature defines the nature of policy implementation, and as public programmes are expanded to include private partnerships, governance becomes a fundamental utility which is directly linked to well defined performance categories. In the 1970’s over 90% of rural Chinese workers were covered by the cooperative medical system (CMS), most of who lived within 1.5 km from a township health centre (Dummer and Cook, 2007). Other schemes, the labour insurance scheme (LIS) and the government insurance scheme (GIS) covered the broad scope of other Chinese citizens in varied employ, ensuring that medical coverage was generally free and government subsidised (Dummer and Cook, 2007). Figures show that by 2003, 80% of China’s population (640 million people) lacked health insurance and even those who were represented by agency coverage were increasingly challenged to cover a higher percentage of their own medical expenses (Anson and Sun, 2002). Similar challenges have evolved throughout the reform process of the NHS system, as available resources are inefficiently distributed among the population resulting in increased waiting times and misdirection of care due to resource allocation. Researchers note that within the current NHS reform mechanisms, the vertical alignment of performance creates an inequitable system within which primary care trusts (PCT’s) are challenged to meet efficiency expectations outside of their capacity (Palmer, 2006). Each representing a unique and politically charged challenge within the scheme of socio-economic expansion, the case studies of both the UK and China offer remarkable insight to the volatile and unpredictable world of public health care programmes. Ultimately, the nature of convergence, an informed collaboration across international borders will install comparable programmes within each system of operation; however, the nature of social and political environments ensures that public sector management techniques will remain unique to each governmental agency. Specific opportunities for policy reform do linger within each political structure, challenging conventional techniques and perceptions to evolve to meet public demand. First and foremost, the continued partnership with private enterprise will enable rapid evolution of public programmes for both nations in spite of their stages of development. By nature, the capitalisation of government programmes is dependent on the support of t he public; recognizing this frailty, government partnerships will continue to offer modes of revenue generation without directly affecting a hypersensitive community. Secondly, equity across geographic areas is essential to the principles of supportive health care programmes. The failures within both structures are inherent in the definition of equity itself, in that it can no longer be taken as a literal term. Communities with larger populations must be availed of a larger budget for health care provision; whereas those communities who are more rural and of smaller makeup may receive a more limited budget, the opportunity for expanding such funding given varied annual trends should be readily available. Finally, global insight recognizes that preventative care is a means to life preservation and progressive health care practices which fundamentally improve health by active methodology. Both nations already recognize the substantial cost savings from reducing the number of practitio ner visits through preventative awareness and care; therefore, revised programmes should place this educated perspective at the forefront of policy, actively ensuring that doctors and care providers are able to encourage such opportunities for wellbeing. While fully integrated convergence in a globalised community is an unrealistic ideal, the potential for collaborative development and multi-national partnership remains a worthy accompaniment to foreign policy. As health care programmes evolve and reform worldwide, the nature of humanity is one of wariness and rejection; through new public sector management practices, the potential for rapid assimilation and supportive expansion becomes a readily attuned mode of unprecedented participation. References Anson, O; Sun, S. (2002) â€Å"Gender and Health in Rural China: Evidence from HeBei Province.† Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 55, pp. 1039-1054. Bluementhal, D; Hsiao, W. â€Å"Privatization and its Discontents—The Evolving Chinese Health Care System.† The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, No. 11, pp. 1165-1170. â€Å"China’s Health Care Reform Focuses on Public Service.† (2008) China Daily, April 15th, Accessed on 8/2/08 From: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-04/15/content_6619372.htm. â€Å"Chinese Health Statistical Digest.† (2005) Chinese Ministry of Health. Davies, Lesley; Wright, Kathryn; Price, Catherine W. (2005) â€Å"Experience of Privatisation, Regulation, and Competition: Lessons for Governments.† Economic and Social Research Council, Centre for Competition Policy, Working Paper 05-5. Dummer, T.J.B; Cook, I.G. (2007) â€Å"Exploring China’s Rural Health Crisis: Processes and Policy Implications.† Health Policy, Vol. 83, pp. 1-16. â€Å"Engagement Analysis: NHS Next Stage Review, What We Heard From the Our NHS, Our Future, Process.† (2008) Department of Health, July, Accessed on 8/02/08 From: http://www.dh.gov.uk/publications. Goddard, Maria; Mannion, Russell. (2004) â€Å"The Role of Horizontal and Vertical Approaches to Performance Measurement and Improvement in the UK Public Sector.† Public Performance and Management Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, September, pp. 75-95. â€Å"Health Reform in England: Update and Next Steps.† (2005) Department of Health, Press Release, 2005/0445, 13th of December. Hsiao, W. (1995) â€Å"The Chinese Health Care System: Lessons for Other Nations.† Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 1047-1055. Juan, Shan. (2008) â€Å"Equity Main Aim of Health Care Reform.† China Daily, March 14th, Accessed on 8/02/08 From: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008npc/2008-03/14/content_6535754.htm. Laking, Rob. (2005) â€Å"Agencies: Their Benefits and Risks.† OECD Journal on Budgeting, Vol. 4, No. 4. Liu, X; Mills, A. (2002) â€Å"Financing Reforms of Public Health Services in China: Lessons for Other Nations.† Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 54, pp. 1691-1698. Palmer, Keith. (2006) â€Å"NHS Reform: Getting Back on Track.† London: King’s Fund, Accessed on 8/2/08 From: www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications. â€Å"Public Sector Modernisation.† (2003) OECD, Policy Brief, October. â€Å"Public Sector Modernisation: Changing Organisational Structures.† (2004) OECD, Policy Brief, September. â€Å"Public Sector Modernisation: Modernising Public Employment.† (2004) OECD, Policy Brief, July. Talbot, Colin; Pollitt, Christopher; Bathgate, Karen; Caulfield, Janice’ Reilly, Adrian; Smullen, Amanda. (2000) â€Å"The Idea of Agency: Researching the Agencification of the (Public Service) World.† Washington, D.C.: American Political Studies Association Conference, August. Wagstaff, Adam; Lindelow, Magnus. (2008) â€Å"Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? The Curious Case of Health Insurance in China.† Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 27, pp. 990-1005.

Stock Exchange

What is Stock Exchange? A stock exchange is the market place for the purchase and sale of second hand securities. It provides â€Å"trading† facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade shares of the listed companies and other financial instruments such as Term Finance Certificates and Derivatives. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue (listing), redemption (delisting) of securities and other capital events including the payment of income and dividends. It is a key institution for smooth functioning and steady growth of the corporate sector and can be seen as a key to the economic life of a nation.Stock exchange is the home of the capital and pivot of the money market, providing proper mobility for capital. The securities of joint-stock companies, government securities and securities issued by semi-government organization are dealt with on a stock exchange. History of Stock Exchange The history of stock exchanges can be traced to 12th century France, when the first brokers (the role of an individual or a firm when it acts as an agent for a customer and charges the customer a commission for its services) are believed to have developed, trading in debt and government securities.Unofficial share markets existed across Europe through the 1600s, where brokers would meet outside or in coffee houses to make trades. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, created in 1602, became the first official stock exchange when it began trading shares of the Dutch East India Company. These were the first company shares ever issued. By the early 1700s there were fully operational stock exchanges in France and England, and America followed in the later part of the century. Share exchanges became an important way for companies to raise capital for investment, while also offering investors the opportunity to share in company profits.The early days of the stock exchange experienced many scandals and share crashes, as there was little to no regulation and almost anyo ne was allowed to participate in the exchange. Today, stock exchanges operate around the world, and they have become highly regulated institutions. Investors wanting to buy and sell shares must do so through a share broker, who pays to own a seat on the exchange. Companies with shares traded on an exchange are said to be ‘listed' and they must meet specific criteria, which varies across exchanges.Most stock exchanges began as floor exchanges, where traders made deals face-to-face. The largest stock exchange in the world, the New York Stock Exchange, continues to operate this way, but most of the world's exchanges have now become fully electronic. Functions of Stock Market ? Ready Market Stock exchange is a continuous market for the resale of existing securities. It is a centre where buyers and sellers assemble to deal in securities at any time during the business hours. It enables investors to realize quickly their shares and debentures.This facility encourages people to inves t in business enterprise by means of buying industrial securities. It helps new investors to obtain securities at any time at market price. ? Protection to investors Protection of the interest of the investors is another function of stock exchange. This it does by ensuring safety and fair dealing to the average investors through strict enforcement of its rules and regulations. Without the cover of a stock exchange there may be unfair competition between different brokers. The investors may be deceived by clever and dishonest brokers.In a stock exchange any malpractice by a broker carries a severe penalty. ? Profitable use of funds Another major function of the stock exchange is the mobilization of surplus funds of individuals firms and companies for investment in industrial securities. Without the stock exchange, these funds would have remained idle. It directs the surplus funds into the most profitable channel and thereby secures their effective utilization. People invest their sav ings in companies yielding good returns. Stock exchange in Pakistan In Pakistan there are three stock exchanges, ? Karachi stock exchange (KSE) Lahore stock exchange (LSE) ? Islamabad stock exchange (ISE) Karachi Stock Exchange The KSE is the first stock exchange of Pakistan established in September 18, 1947 and incorporated in March 10, 1949. KSE start with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of RS 37 million. The first index was the KSE 100 index. KSE Indices Family ? KSE 100 The KSE100 index is a benchmark by which the stock price performance can be compared to over a period of time. In particular, the KSE 100 is designed to provide investors with a sense of how the Pakistan equity market is performing.Thus, the KSE100 is similar to other indicators that track various sectors of the Pakistan economic activity such as the gross national product, consumer price index, etc. The KSE-100 Index was introduced in November 1991 with base value of 1,000 points. The Index comprises of 100 c ompanies selected on the basis of sector representation and highest market capitalization, which tracks over 85% of the total market capitalization of the companies listed on the Exchange. ? KSE-30 Index The Karachi Stock Exchange has launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, formally implemented from Friday, September 1, 2006.The main feature of this index that makes it different from other indices is: ? Based on the â€Å"Free Float Methodology† ? It includes only the top 30 most liquid companies listed on the KSE. ? KMI-30 ? Index introduced in September, 2008 ? Tracks the 30 most liquid Shariah-compliant companies listed at KSE weighted by free float adjusted market capitalization. ? Shariah Screening performed by Shariah Supervisory Board of Meezan Bank (chaired by Justice (Retd. ) Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani). ? KSE All Share Index ? It consists of all the companies listed on the KSE. ? KSE-GTOiOil & Gas Sector plays vital roles in Pakistan’s eco nomy and therefore KSE has developed a Tradable Oil & Gas Index which tracks at least 80% free-float market capitalization of the Oil & Gas Sector. This index provides Investors and Market Intermediaries with an appropriate benchmark that captures the performance of each segment of the economy. KSE-100 Composition Basis The selection criteria for stock inclusion in the existing KSE-100 Index is based on three main filters, namely Sector rule, Capitalization rule and Default rule. The top sector companies may also qualify for inclusion on the basis of their market capitalization. Sector Rule Largest market capitalization in each Karachi Stock Exchange sectors excluding Open-end Mutual Fund Sector ? The Largest Capitalization Rule The remaining index places are taken up by the largest market capitalization companies in descending order. ? The Default Counter and Non Tradable Rule Company which is on the Defaulters’ Counter and/or its trading is suspended; declare Non-Tradable ( i. e. NT) in preceding 6 months from the date of re-composition shall not be considered in the re-composition of KSE-100 Index . How many stocks are registered and categories? The total number of companies listed in KSE is 572 with a listed capital of RS. 1103072. 80 million ? In KSE companies are listed under following categories according to the nature of their industry. |Sector Wise Categories of Companies | |Oil and Gas |Pharma and Bio Tech | |Chemicals |Media |Forestry |Travel & leisure | |Industrial metals and mining |Fixed line Telecommunication | |General industries |Electricity | |Electronic and electrical Goods |Multiutilities | |Engineering |Commercial Banks | |Industrial Transportation |Non Life Insurance | |Support services |Life insurance | |Automobile and Parts |Real estate investment and services | |Beverages |financial services | |Food Producers |Equity Investment Instruments | |Household Goods |Software and computer services | |Leisure Goods. |Technology Hard ware and Equipment | |Personal Goods | | |Personal Goods | | |Tobacco | |Advance /Decline: If there is increasing trend in the prices of share then we said that the market gains the index or points and vice versa. Points: Points shows the Overall worth of the market. There are many factors that influence the market points and due to these factors market’s point increases or increases. These factors consist of formulae of capital structure and other related things. In Pakistan value of 1 point is approximately equal to 5 crores and it changes due to inflation and other economic factors. When an individual invest an amount equal to 5 Crores then 1 point increases and when he/she pull back his investment then 1 point decreases 1 point = 5 Crores Stock Exchange A stock market or equity market is a public (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete) entity for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36. 6 trillion at the start of October 2008. The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value,[2] 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market capitalization, is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In Canada, the largest stock market is the Toronto Stock Exchange. Major European examples of stock exchanges include the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the Deutsche Borse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange). In Africa, examples include Nigerian Stock Exchange, JSE Limited, etc. Asian examples include the Singapore Exchange, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. In Latin America, there are such exchanges as the BM&F Bovespa and the BMV. A few decades ago, worldwide, buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become more â€Å"institutionalized†; buyers and sellers are largely institutions (e. g. , pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, hedge funds, investor groups, banks and various other financial institutions). The rise of the institutional investor has brought with it some improvements in market operations. Thus, the government was responsible for â€Å"fixed† (and exorbitant) fees being markedly reduced for the ‘small' investor, but only after the large institutions had managed to break the brokers' solid front on fees. (They then went to ‘negotiated' fees, but only for large institutions. History : Established in 1875, the Bombay Stock Exchange is Asia's first stock exchange. In 12th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. Because these men also traded with debts, they could be called the first brokers. A common misbelief is that in late 13th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Beurze, and in 1309 they became the â€Å"Brugse Beurse†, institutionalizing what had been, until then, an informal meeting, but actually, the family Van der Beurze had a building in Antwerp where those gatherings occurred; the Van der Beurze had Antwerp, as most of the merchants of that period, as their primary place for trading. The idea quickly spread around Flanders and neighboring counties and â€Å"Beurzen† soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam. In the middle of the 13th century, Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities. In 1351 the Venetian government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds. Bankers in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities during the 14th century. This was only possible because these were independent city states not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens. Italian companies were also the first to issue shares. Companies in England and the Low Countries followed in the 16th century. The Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602) was the first joint-stock company to get a fixed capital stock and as a result, continuous trade in company stock emerged on the Amsterdam Exchange. Soon thereafter, a lively trade in various derivatives, among which options and repos, emerged on the Amsterdam market. Dutch traders also pioneered short selling – a practice which was banned by the Dutch authorities as early as 1610. 7] There are now stock markets in virtually every developed and most developing economies, with the world's biggest market being in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Canada, Germany's (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), France, South Korea and the Netherlands. Importance of stock market : The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be publicly trade d, or raise additional financial capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as real estate. History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up-and-coming economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a country's economic strength and development. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d'etre of central banks. Exchanges also act as the clearinghouse for each transaction, meaning that they collect and deliver the shares, and guarantee payment to the seller of a security. This eliminates the risk to an individual buyer or seller that the counterparty could default on the transaction. The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment. In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity. Stock market index : The movements of the prices in a market or section of a market are captured in price indices called stock market indices, of which there are many, e. g. , the S&P, the FTSE and the Euronext indices. Such indices are usually market capitalization weighted, with the weights reflecting the contribution of the stock to the index. The constituents of the index are reviewed frequently to include/exclude stocks in order to reflect the changing business environment. Derivative instruments : Financial innovation has brought many new financial instruments whose pay-offs or values depend on the prices of stocks. Some examples are exchange-traded funds (ETFs), stock index and stock options, equity swaps, single-stock futures, and stock index futures. These last two may be traded on futures exchanges (which are distinct from stock exchanges—their history traces back to commodities futures exchanges), or traded over-the-counter. As all of these products are only derived from stocks, they are sometimes considered to be traded in a (hypothetical) derivatives market, rather than the (hypothetical) stock market. Leveraged strategies : Stock that a trader does not actually own may be traded using short selling; margin buying may be used to purchase stock with borrowed funds; or, derivatives may be used to control large blocks of stocks for a much smaller amount of money than would be required by outright purchase or sales. Short selling : In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients' shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, hoping for the price to fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called â€Å"covering a short position. † This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. Margin buying : In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor's account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account's equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor's account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account's equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor's account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account's equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the New issuance : Global issuance of equity and equity-related instruments totaled $505 billion in 2004, a 29. 8 %% increase over the $389 billion raised in 2003. Initial public offerings (IPOs) by US issuers increased 221 %% with 233 offerings that raised $45 billion, and IPOs in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) increased by 333 %%, from $ 9 billion to $39 billion. Taxation : According to much national or state legislation, a large array of fiscal obligations are taxed for capital gains. Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market, in particular in the stock exchanges. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdictions to jurisdictions because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth.